1) Introduction: Load Instability in Modern Intermodal Networks As intermodal transport expands, railway wagons increasingly carry containers and modular cargo with varying weight distributions. This trend places new demands on the bogie, which must handle frequent load changes while maintaining ...
1) Industry Background and Core Challenge In heavy haul railway networks—particularly those serving mining and bulk commodity transport—rail loosening remains a persistent challenge. As axle loads increase and trains operate continuously over long distances, traditional rigid fastening systems often ...